diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 0633561..3d816f2 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -198,7 +198,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
  "two-rusty-forks",
  "uuid",
- "vfs",
  "walkdir",
 ]
 
@@ -1453,15 +1452,6 @@ version = "0.9.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5fecdca9a5291cc2b8dcf7dc02453fee791a280f3743cb0905f8822ae463b3fe"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "vfs"
-version = "0.5.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "feb0df0abbe81534013b326c5e3d723a2c9b06c04160fa0f7d8b4d42eb9b7052"
-dependencies = [
- "thiserror",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wait-timeout"
 version = "0.2.0"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e717957..f3e2e04 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ sha2 = "0.9"
 tempfile = "3.2"
 thiserror = "1.0"
 uuid = { version = "0.8", features = ["v4"] }
-vfs = "0.5"
 walkdir = "2.3"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
diff --git a/src/backup.rs b/src/backup.rs
index 13754e2..a566504 100644
--- a/src/backup.rs
+++ b/src/backup.rs
@@ -1,40 +1,35 @@
+use std::path::Path;
+
 use crate::repository::Repository;
 use anyhow::Result;
 use anyhow::*;
-use vfs::VfsPath;
+use walkdir::WalkDir;
 
 pub struct Engine<'a> {
-    source_path: &'a VfsPath,
+    source_path: &'a Path,
     repository: &'a mut Repository,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Engine<'a> {
-    pub fn new(source_path: &'a VfsPath, repository: &'a mut Repository) -> Result<Self> {
+    pub fn new(source_path: &'a Path, repository: &'a mut Repository) -> Result<Self> {
         let mut ancestors = vec![];
-        let mut current = Some(source_path.clone());
+        let mut current = Some(source_path.to_path_buf());
         while let Some(path) = current {
-            ancestors.push(path.clone());
-            current = path.parent();
+            ancestors.push(path.to_path_buf());
+            current = path.parent().map(|p| p.to_path_buf());
         }
-        if ancestors.into_iter().any(|a| &a == repository.path()) {
+        if ancestors.into_iter().any(|a| a == repository.path()) {
             return Err(anyhow!("source same as repository"));
         }
         Ok(Engine { source_path, repository })
     }
 
     pub fn backup(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
-        let walker = self.source_path.walk_dir()?;
-        let save_every = 16;
-        let mut save_counter = 0;
+        let walker = WalkDir::new(self.source_path);
         for maybe_entry in walker {
             let entry = maybe_entry?;
-            if &entry != self.source_path {
-                self.repository.store(&entry)?;
-            }
-            save_counter += 1;
-            if save_counter == save_every {
-                save_counter = 0;
-                self.repository.save_index()?;
+            if entry.path() != self.source_path {
+                self.repository.store(&entry.path())?;
             }
         }
         self.repository.save_index()?;
diff --git a/src/index/io.rs b/src/index/io.rs
index f89b93a..7d95d34 100644
--- a/src/index/io.rs
+++ b/src/index/io.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use vfs::VfsPath;
+use std::{
+    collections::HashMap,
+    fs::{self, File},
+    io::Read,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
 
 use uuid::Uuid;
 
@@ -14,8 +18,8 @@ use nix::unistd::getpid;
 use std::{cmp::max, io::Write};
 
 impl Index {
-    pub fn load(repository_path: &VfsPath) -> Result<Self> {
-        if !repository_path.exists()? {
+    pub fn load(repository_path: &Path) -> Result<Self> {
+        if !repository_path.exists() {
             let mut index = Index::new()?;
             index.save(repository_path)?;
         }
@@ -26,19 +30,19 @@ impl Index {
         log::debug!(
             "[{}] loaded index from {}, version: {}; {} items",
             getpid(),
-            index_file_path.as_str(),
+            index_file_path.to_string_lossy(),
             index.version,
             index.newest_items_by_source_path.len()
         );
         Ok(index)
     }
 
-    pub fn save(&mut self, repository_path: &VfsPath) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn save(&mut self, repository_path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
         let lock_id = Uuid::new_v4();
         let lock = Lock::lock(repository_path)?;
 
         let index_file_path = &Index::index_file_path_for_repository_path(repository_path)?;
-        if index_file_path.exists()? {
+        if index_file_path.exists() {
             let index = Index::load_from_file(&Index::index_file_path_for_repository_path(repository_path)?)?;
             self.merge_items_by_file_id(index.items_by_file_id);
             self.merge_newest_items(index.newest_items_by_source_path);
@@ -52,20 +56,21 @@ impl Index {
             getpid(),
             self.version,
             lock_id,
-            index_file_path.as_str(),
+            index_file_path.to_string_lossy(),
             self.newest_items_by_source_path.len()
         );
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn write_index_to_file(&mut self, index_file_path: &VfsPath) -> Result<()> {
+    fn write_index_to_file(&mut self, index_file_path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
         let parent = index_file_path.parent();
         match parent {
-            None => Err(anyhow!(format!("cannot get parent for {}", index_file_path.as_str()))),
-            Some(parent) => Ok(parent
-                .create_dir_all()
-                .context(format!("create index directory at {}", index_file_path.as_str()))?),
-        }?;
+            None => Err(anyhow!(format!(
+                "cannot get parent for {}",
+                index_file_path.to_string_lossy()
+            ))),
+            Some(parent) => Ok(fs::create_dir_all(parent)),
+        }??;
 
         let serialised = serde_json::to_string(&self)?;
 
@@ -73,13 +78,13 @@ impl Index {
         let encoded = error_correcting_encoder::encode(bytes)?;
 
         {
-            let mut file = index_file_path.create_file()?;
+            let mut file = File::create(index_file_path)?;
             file.write_all(&encoded).context("writing index to disk")?;
             file.flush()?;
         }
 
         let readback = {
-            let mut file = index_file_path.open_file()?;
+            let mut file = File::open(index_file_path)?;
             let mut readback = vec![];
             file.read_to_end(&mut readback)?;
             readback
@@ -92,16 +97,16 @@ impl Index {
         }
     }
 
-    fn load_from_file(index_file_path: &VfsPath) -> Result<Self> {
-        let mut file = index_file_path.open_file()?;
+    fn load_from_file(index_file_path: &Path) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut file = File::open(index_file_path)?;
         let mut encoded = vec![];
         file.read_to_end(&mut encoded)?;
 
         let decoded = error_correcting_encoder::decode(&encoded)?;
         let index_text = String::from_utf8(decoded)?;
 
-        let index: Index =
-            serde_json::from_str(&index_text).context(format!("cannot read index from: {}", index_file_path.as_str()))?;
+        let index: Index = serde_json::from_str(&index_text)
+            .context(format!("cannot read index from: {}", index_file_path.to_string_lossy()))?;
         Ok(index)
     }
 
@@ -121,8 +126,8 @@ impl Index {
         self.items_by_file_id.extend(old_items_by_file_id);
     }
 
-    fn index_file_path_for_repository_path(path: &VfsPath) -> Result<VfsPath> {
-        Ok(path.join("index")?)
+    fn index_file_path_for_repository_path(path: &Path) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+        Ok(path.join("index"))
     }
 }
 
@@ -130,16 +135,16 @@ impl Index {
 mod must {
     use crate::index::Index;
     use anyhow::Result;
-
-    use vfs::{MemoryFS, VfsPath};
+    use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     #[test]
     fn have_version_increased_when_saved() -> Result<()> {
-        let temp_dir: VfsPath = MemoryFS::new().into();
+        let temp_dir = tempdir()?;
         let mut index = Index::new()?;
         let old_version = index.version;
 
-        index.save(&temp_dir)?;
+        index.save(&temp_dir.path())?;
 
         let new_version = index.version;
 
@@ -150,11 +155,11 @@ mod must {
 
     #[test]
     fn be_same_when_loaded_from_disk() -> Result<()> {
-        let repository_path: VfsPath = MemoryFS::new().into();
+        let repository_path = tempdir()?;
         let mut original = Index::new()?;
 
-        original.save(&repository_path)?;
-        let loaded = Index::load(&repository_path)?;
+        original.save(&repository_path.path())?;
+        let loaded = Index::load(&repository_path.path())?;
 
         assert_eq!(original, loaded);
 
diff --git a/src/index/lock.rs b/src/index/lock.rs
index 44725f9..04951fe 100644
--- a/src/index/lock.rs
+++ b/src/index/lock.rs
@@ -1,26 +1,31 @@
 use anyhow::Result;
 use anyhow::*;
 use fail::fail_point;
-use std::{io::Write, time::Instant};
+use std::{
+    fs::{remove_file, File},
+    io::Write,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    time::Instant,
+};
 use uuid::Uuid;
-use vfs::VfsPath;
+use walkdir::WalkDir;
 
 use rand::{rngs::OsRng, RngCore};
 use std::{thread, time};
 
 pub struct Lock {
-    path: VfsPath,
+    path: PathBuf,
 }
 
 const MAX_TIMEOUT_MILLIS: u16 = 8192;
 const FILE_EXTENSION: &str = ".lock";
 
 impl Lock {
-    pub fn lock(index_directory: &VfsPath) -> Result<Self> {
+    pub fn lock(index_directory: &Path) -> Result<Self> {
         Lock::lock_with_timeout(index_directory, MAX_TIMEOUT_MILLIS)
     }
 
-    pub fn lock_with_timeout(index_directory: &VfsPath, max_timeout_millis: u16) -> Result<Self> {
+    pub fn lock_with_timeout(index_directory: &Path, max_timeout_millis: u16) -> Result<Self> {
         let mut buffer = [0u8; 16];
         OsRng.fill_bytes(&mut buffer);
         let id = Uuid::from_bytes(buffer);
@@ -35,23 +40,26 @@ impl Lock {
     }
 
     fn delete_lock_file(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        if self.path.exists()? {
-            self.path.remove_file()?;
+        if self.path.exists() {
+            remove_file(&self.path)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn wait_to_have_sole_lock(lock_id: Uuid, index_directory: &VfsPath, max_timeout_millis: u16) -> Result<()> {
+    fn wait_to_have_sole_lock(lock_id: Uuid, index_directory: &Path, max_timeout_millis: u16) -> Result<()> {
         let start_time = Instant::now();
         let _ = Lock::create_lock_file(lock_id, index_directory);
         while !Lock::sole_lock(lock_id, index_directory)? {
             let path = Lock::lock_file_path(index_directory, lock_id)?;
-            if path.exists()? {
-                path.remove_file()?;
+            if path.exists() {
+                remove_file(path)?;
             }
             let sleep_duration = time::Duration::from_millis((OsRng.next_u32() % 64).into());
             thread::sleep(sleep_duration);
+
+            // timeout will take care of permanent errors
             let _ = Lock::create_lock_file(lock_id, index_directory);
+
             if start_time.elapsed().as_millis() > max_timeout_millis.into() {
                 return Err(anyhow!("timed out waiting on lock"));
             }
@@ -59,42 +67,43 @@ impl Lock {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn sole_lock(lock_id: Uuid, index_directory: &VfsPath) -> Result<bool> {
+    fn sole_lock(lock_id: Uuid, index_directory: &Path) -> Result<bool> {
         let my_lock_file_path = Lock::lock_file_path(index_directory, lock_id)?;
-        let locks = Lock::all_locks(index_directory)?;
-        let mut only_mine = true;
-        for path in &locks {
-            if path != &my_lock_file_path {
-                only_mine = false;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        if locks.is_empty() {
+
+        let walker = WalkDir::new(index_directory);
+        let all_locks: Vec<_> = walker
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(|e| e.ok())
+            .filter(|e| e.file_name().to_string_lossy().ends_with(FILE_EXTENSION))
+            .collect();
+        if all_locks.len() != 1 {
             return Ok(false);
         }
-        Ok(only_mine)
-    }
-
-    fn all_locks(index_directory: &VfsPath) -> Result<Vec<VfsPath>> {
-        Ok(index_directory
-            .read_dir()?
+        let walker = WalkDir::new(index_directory);
+        let my_locks: Vec<_> = walker
             .into_iter()
-            .filter(|f| f.filename().ends_with(FILE_EXTENSION))
-            .collect())
+            .filter_map(|e| e.ok())
+            .filter(|e| e.path() == my_lock_file_path)
+            .collect();
+        if my_locks.len() != 1 {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+        let result = all_locks.first().unwrap().path() == my_locks.first().unwrap().path();
+        Ok(result)
     }
 
-    fn create_lock_file(lock_id: Uuid, index_directory: &VfsPath) -> Result<()> {
+    fn create_lock_file(lock_id: Uuid, index_directory: &Path) -> Result<()> {
         let lock_file_path = Lock::lock_file_path(index_directory, lock_id)?;
         fail_point!("create-lock-file", |e: Option<String>| Err(anyhow!(e.unwrap())));
-        let mut file = lock_file_path.create_file()?;
+        let mut file = File::create(lock_file_path)?;
         let lock_id_text = lock_id.to_hyphenated().to_string();
         let lock_id_bytes = lock_id_text.as_bytes();
         Ok(file.write_all(lock_id_bytes)?)
     }
 
-    fn lock_file_path(path: &VfsPath, lock_id: Uuid) -> Result<VfsPath> {
-        let file_name = format!("{}.{}", lock_id, FILE_EXTENSION);
-        Ok(path.join(&file_name)?)
+    fn lock_file_path(path: &Path, lock_id: Uuid) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+        let file_name = format!("{}{}", lock_id, FILE_EXTENSION);
+        Ok(path.join(&file_name))
     }
 }
 
@@ -108,20 +117,22 @@ impl Drop for Lock {
 mod must {
     use super::Lock;
     use anyhow::Result;
+    use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
     #[cfg(feature = "failpoints")]
     use two_rusty_forks::rusty_fork_test;
-    use vfs::{MemoryFS, VfsPath};
 
     #[test]
     fn be_released_when_dropped() -> Result<()> {
-        let temp_dir: VfsPath = MemoryFS::new().into();
+        let temp_dir = tempdir()?;
+        let initial_number_of_entries = temp_dir.path().read_dir()?.count();
         {
-            let _lock = Lock::lock(&temp_dir);
+            let _lock = Lock::lock(&temp_dir.path())?;
         }
-        let entries = temp_dir.read_dir()?.count();
+        let entries = temp_dir.path().read_dir()?.count();
 
-        assert_eq!(entries, 0);
+        assert_eq!(entries, initial_number_of_entries);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -130,9 +141,9 @@ mod must {
         #[test]
         fn be_able_to_lock_when_creating_lock_file_fails_sometimes() {
             fail::cfg("create-lock-file", "90%10*return(some lock file creation error)->off").unwrap();
-            let path = MemoryFS::new().into();
+            let temp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-            let lock = Lock::lock(&path).unwrap();
+            let lock = Lock::lock(&temp_dir.path()).unwrap();
             lock.release().unwrap();
         }
     }
@@ -142,9 +153,9 @@ mod must {
         #[test]
         fn know_to_give_up_when_creating_lock_file_always_fails()  {
             fail::cfg("create-lock-file", "return(persistent lock file creation error)").unwrap();
-            let path = MemoryFS::new().into();
+            let temp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
 
-            assert!(Lock::lock_with_timeout(&path, 1).is_err());
+            assert!(Lock::lock_with_timeout(&temp_dir.path(), 1).is_err());
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/index/mod.rs b/src/index/mod.rs
index aa72133..84dcff6 100644
--- a/src/index/mod.rs
+++ b/src/index/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-use std::collections::hash_map::Iter;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::{collections::hash_map::Iter, path::Path};
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use vfs::VfsPath;
 
 use crate::index::item::IndexItem;
 use crate::repository::ItemId;
@@ -29,15 +28,15 @@ impl Index {
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn remember(&mut self, original_source_path: &VfsPath, relative_path: &str, id: ItemId) {
+    pub fn remember(&mut self, original_source_path: &Path, relative_path: &str, id: ItemId) {
         let item = if let Some(old) = self
             .newest_items_by_source_path
-            .get(&original_source_path.as_str().to_string())
+            .get(&original_source_path.to_string_lossy().to_string())
         {
             old.next_version(id, relative_path.to_string())
         } else {
             IndexItem::from(
-                original_source_path.as_str().to_string(),
+                original_source_path.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                 relative_path.to_string(),
                 id,
                 Version::default(),
@@ -46,11 +45,14 @@ impl Index {
 
         self.items_by_file_id.insert(item.id(), item.clone());
         self.newest_items_by_source_path
-            .insert(original_source_path.as_str().to_string(), item);
+            .insert(original_source_path.to_string_lossy().to_string(), item);
     }
 
-    pub fn newest_item_by_source_path(&self, path: &VfsPath) -> Result<Option<IndexItem>> {
-        Ok(self.newest_items_by_source_path.get(&path.as_str().to_string()).cloned())
+    pub fn newest_item_by_source_path(&self, path: &Path) -> Result<Option<IndexItem>> {
+        Ok(self
+            .newest_items_by_source_path
+            .get(&path.to_string_lossy().to_string())
+            .cloned())
     }
 
     pub fn item_by_id(&self, id: &ItemId) -> Result<Option<IndexItem>> {
diff --git a/src/repository/item.rs b/src/repository/item.rs
index 8505db6..ce7bf45 100644
--- a/src/repository/item.rs
+++ b/src/repository/item.rs
@@ -2,15 +2,17 @@ use crate::{repository::ItemId, version::Version};
 use anyhow::Result;
 use anyhow::*;
 use nix::unistd::getpid;
-use std::fmt;
-use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter};
 use std::path::Path;
-use vfs::VfsPath;
+use std::{fmt, path::PathBuf};
+use std::{
+    fmt::{Display, Formatter},
+    fs,
+};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct RepositoryItem {
     relative_path: String,
-    absolute_path: VfsPath,
+    absolute_path: PathBuf,
     original_source_path: String,
     id: ItemId,
     version: Version,
@@ -23,39 +25,32 @@ impl PartialOrd for RepositoryItem {
 }
 
 impl RepositoryItem {
-    pub fn from(
-        original_source_path: &str,
-        absolute_path: &VfsPath,
-        relative_path: &str,
-        id: ItemId,
-        version: Version,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub fn from(original_source_path: &str, absolute_path: &Path, relative_path: &str, id: ItemId, version: Version) -> Self {
         RepositoryItem {
             relative_path: relative_path.to_string(),
-            absolute_path: absolute_path.clone(),
+            absolute_path: absolute_path.to_path_buf(),
             original_source_path: original_source_path.to_string(),
             id,
             version,
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn save(&self, save_to: &VfsPath) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn save(&self, save_to: &Path) -> Result<()> {
         let original_source_path = Path::new(self.original_source_path());
         let source_path_relative = original_source_path.strip_prefix("/")?;
-        let source_path_relative = source_path_relative.to_string_lossy();
 
-        let target_path = save_to.join(&source_path_relative)?;
+        let target_path = save_to.join(&source_path_relative);
         let parent = target_path
             .parent()
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("cannot compute parent path for {}", &target_path.as_str()))?;
-        log::debug!("[{}] saving data to {}", getpid(), target_path.as_str());
-        parent.create_dir_all()?;
-        if !self.absolute_path.exists()? {
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("cannot compute parent path for {}", &target_path.to_string_lossy()))?;
+        log::debug!("[{}] saving data to {}", getpid(), target_path.to_string_lossy());
+        fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+        if !self.absolute_path.exists() {
             return Err(anyhow!("corrupted repository"));
         }
-        self.absolute_path.copy_file(&target_path)?;
+        fs::copy(&self.absolute_path, &target_path)?;
 
-        log::debug!("[{}] saved data to {}", getpid(), target_path.as_str());
+        log::debug!("[{}] saved data to {}", getpid(), &target_path.to_string_lossy());
         Ok(())
     }
 
diff --git a/src/repository/mod.rs b/src/repository/mod.rs
index 13be120..cb3a120 100644
--- a/src/repository/mod.rs
+++ b/src/repository/mod.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 pub mod item;
 
-use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter};
-use std::io::BufReader;
-use std::path::Path;
 use std::{fmt, io};
+use std::{
+    fmt::{Debug, Formatter},
+    path::PathBuf,
+};
+use std::{fs, path::Path};
+use std::{fs::File, io::BufReader};
 
 use crate::index::{Index, IndexItemIterator};
 use anyhow::Result;
@@ -12,7 +15,7 @@ use item::RepositoryItem;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use sha2::Digest;
 use sha2::Sha512;
-use vfs::{VfsFileType, VfsPath};
+use walkdir::WalkDir;
 
 /// represents a place where backup is stored an can be restored from.
 /// right now only on-disk directory storage is supported
@@ -21,7 +24,7 @@ use vfs::{VfsFileType, VfsPath};
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Repository {
     /// path to where the repository is stored on disk
-    path: VfsPath,
+    path: PathBuf,
     index: Index,
 }
 
@@ -94,26 +97,26 @@ impl Debug for ItemId {
 }
 
 impl<'a> Repository {
-    pub fn init(path: &VfsPath) -> Result<Repository> {
-        path.create_dir_all()?;
+    pub fn init(path: &Path) -> Result<Repository> {
+        fs::create_dir_all(path)?;
         let mut index = Index::new()?;
         index.save(path)?;
         let repository = Repository::open(path)?;
-        repository.data_dir()?.create_dir_all()?;
+        fs::create_dir_all(repository.data_dir()?)?;
         Ok(repository)
     }
 
-    pub fn open(path: &VfsPath) -> Result<Repository> {
+    pub fn open(path: &Path) -> Result<Repository> {
         let index = Index::load(path)?;
         let repository = Repository {
-            path: path.clone(),
+            path: path.to_path_buf(),
             index,
         };
 
         Ok(repository)
     }
 
-    pub fn path(&self) -> &VfsPath {
+    pub fn path(&self) -> &Path {
         &self.path
     }
 
@@ -121,28 +124,27 @@ impl<'a> Repository {
         self.index.save(&self.path)
     }
 
-    pub fn store(&mut self, source_path: &VfsPath) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn store(&mut self, source_path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
         let id = Repository::calculate_id(source_path)?;
         let destination = self.data_dir()?;
-        let destination = destination.join(&id.to_string())?;
+        let destination = destination.join(&id.to_string());
 
-        if source_path.metadata()?.file_type != VfsFileType::File {
+        if !source_path.metadata()?.is_file() {
             return Ok(());
         }
         let parent = destination
             .parent()
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("cannot compute parent path for {}", &destination.as_str()))?;
-        parent.create_dir_all()?;
-        if !destination.exists()? {
-            source_path.copy_file(&destination)?;
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("cannot compute parent path for {}", &destination.to_string_lossy()))?;
+        fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+        if !destination.exists() {
+            fs::copy(&source_path, &destination)?;
         }
-        let destination_path = Path::new(destination.as_str());
-        let relative_path = destination_path.strip_prefix(&self.path.as_str())?.to_string_lossy();
-        self.index.remember(source_path, &relative_path, id);
+        let relative_path = destination.strip_prefix(&self.path())?;
+        self.index.remember(source_path, &relative_path.to_string_lossy(), id);
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub fn newest_item_by_source_path(&self, path: &VfsPath) -> Result<Option<RepositoryItem>> {
+    pub fn newest_item_by_source_path(&self, path: &Path) -> Result<Option<RepositoryItem>> {
         let item = self.index.newest_item_by_source_path(path)?;
         match item {
             None => Ok(None),
@@ -170,7 +172,7 @@ impl<'a> Repository {
         let relative_path = index_item.relative_path();
         let repository_path = self.path();
         let original_source_path = index_item.original_source_path();
-        let absolute_path = repository_path.join(relative_path)?;
+        let absolute_path = repository_path.join(relative_path);
         Ok(RepositoryItem::from(
             &original_source_path,
             &absolute_path,
@@ -181,21 +183,22 @@ impl<'a> Repository {
     }
 
     pub fn data_weight(&self) -> Result<u64> {
-        let walkdir = self.data_dir()?.walk_dir()?;
-        let total_size = walkdir
-            .filter_map(|entry| entry.ok())
-            .filter_map(|entry| entry.metadata().ok())
-            .filter(|metadata| metadata.file_type == VfsFileType::File)
-            .fold(0, |acc, m| acc + m.len);
+        let walker = WalkDir::new(self.data_dir()?);
+        let total_size = walker
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(|e| e.ok())
+            .filter_map(|e| e.metadata().ok())
+            .filter(|m| m.is_file())
+            .fold(0, |acc, m| acc + m.len());
         Ok(total_size)
     }
 
-    fn data_dir(&self) -> Result<VfsPath> {
-        Ok(self.path().join(DATA_DIR_NAME)?)
+    fn data_dir(&self) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+        Ok(self.path().join(DATA_DIR_NAME))
     }
 
-    fn calculate_id(source_path: &VfsPath) -> Result<ItemId> {
-        let source_file = source_path.open_file()?;
+    fn calculate_id(source_path: &Path) -> Result<ItemId> {
+        let source_file = File::open(source_path)?;
         let mut reader = BufReader::new(source_file);
         let mut hasher = Sha512::new();
 
@@ -210,17 +213,17 @@ mod must {
     use super::Repository;
     use crate::test::source::TestSource;
     use anyhow::Result;
-    use vfs::MemoryFS;
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     #[test]
     fn have_size_equal_to_sum_of_sizes_of_backed_up_files() -> Result<()> {
         let file_size1 = 13;
         let file_size2 = 27;
         let source = TestSource::new()?;
-        let repository_path = MemoryFS::new().into();
-        Repository::init(&repository_path)?;
+        let repository_path = tempdir()?;
+        Repository::init(&repository_path.path())?;
 
-        let mut backup_repository = Repository::open(&repository_path)?;
+        let mut backup_repository = Repository::open(&repository_path.path())?;
         source.write_random_bytes_to_file("file1", file_size1)?;
         backup_repository.store(&source.file_path("file1")?)?;
 
diff --git a/src/restore.rs b/src/restore.rs
index 1b699bf..86108da 100644
--- a/src/restore.rs
+++ b/src/restore.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
+use std::path::Path;
+
 use crate::repository::{item::RepositoryItem, Repository};
 use anyhow::Result;
-use vfs::VfsPath;
 
 pub struct Engine<'a> {
     repository: &'a mut Repository,
-    target_path: &'a VfsPath,
+    target_path: &'a Path,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Engine<'a> {
-    pub fn new(repository: &'a mut Repository, target_path: &'a VfsPath) -> Result<Self> {
+    pub fn new(repository: &'a mut Repository, target_path: &'a Path) -> Result<Self> {
         Ok(Engine { repository, target_path })
     }
 
diff --git a/src/test/assertions.rs b/src/test/assertions.rs
index a415b82..64b78b6 100644
--- a/src/test/assertions.rs
+++ b/src/test/assertions.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 pub mod in_memory {
-    use std::path::Path;
+    use std::{
+        fs::File,
+        io::Read,
+        path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    };
 
     use crate::{
         backup,
@@ -8,73 +12,60 @@ pub mod in_memory {
         test::source::TestSource,
     };
     use anyhow::Result;
-    use vfs::{MemoryFS, VfsFileType, VfsPath};
 
-    use rand::Rng;
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
+    use walkdir::WalkDir;
 
-    pub fn random_in_memory_path(prefix: &str) -> Result<VfsPath> {
-        let path: VfsPath = MemoryFS::new().into();
-        let path = path.join(&format!("{}-{}", prefix, rand::thread_rng().gen::<u64>()))?;
-        Ok(path)
-    }
+    pub fn assert_same_after_restore(source_path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+        let repository_path = tempdir()?;
+        let restore_target = tempdir()?;
 
-    pub fn assert_same_after_restore(source_path: &VfsPath) -> Result<()> {
-        let repository_path: VfsPath = random_in_memory_path("repository")?;
-        let restore_target: VfsPath = random_in_memory_path("target")?;
-
-        assert_ne!(source_path, &repository_path);
-        assert_ne!(repository_path, restore_target);
-
-        Repository::init(&repository_path)?;
+        Repository::init(&repository_path.path())?;
         {
-            let mut backup_repository = Repository::open(&repository_path)?;
+            let mut backup_repository = Repository::open(&repository_path.path())?;
             let mut backup_engine = backup::Engine::new(source_path, &mut backup_repository)?;
             backup_engine.backup()?;
         }
         {
-            let mut restore_repository = Repository::open(&repository_path)?;
+            let mut restore_repository = Repository::open(&repository_path.path())?;
 
-            let mut restore_engine = restore::Engine::new(&mut restore_repository, &restore_target)?;
+            let mut restore_engine = restore::Engine::new(&mut restore_repository, &restore_target.path())?;
             restore_engine.restore_all()?;
         }
 
-        assert_directory_trees_have_same_contents(source_path, &restore_target)?;
+        assert_directory_trees_have_same_contents(source_path, &restore_target.path())?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub fn assert_restored_file_contents(
-        repository_path: &VfsPath,
-        source_file_full_path: &VfsPath,
-        contents: &[u8],
-    ) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn assert_restored_file_contents(repository_path: &Path, source_file_full_path: &Path, contents: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
         let mut restore_repository = Repository::open(repository_path)?;
         let item = restore_repository.newest_item_by_source_path(&source_file_full_path)?;
-        let restore_target = random_in_memory_path("target")?;
-        let restore_engine = restore::Engine::new(&mut restore_repository, &restore_target)?;
+        let restore_target = tempdir()?;
+        let restore_engine = restore::Engine::new(&mut restore_repository, &restore_target.path())?;
 
         restore_engine.restore(&item.unwrap())?;
-        let source_file_relative_path = Path::new(source_file_full_path.as_str()).strip_prefix("/")?;
-        let restored_file_path = restore_target.join(&source_file_relative_path.to_string_lossy())?;
+        let source_file_relative_path = Path::new(source_file_full_path).strip_prefix("/")?;
+        let restored_file_path = restore_target.path().join(&source_file_relative_path);
         assert_target_file_contents(&restored_file_path, contents)
     }
 
     pub fn assert_restored_from_version_has_contents(
-        repository_path: &VfsPath,
-        source_file_full_path: &VfsPath,
+        repository_path: &Path,
+        source_file_full_path: &Path,
         old_contents: &[u8],
         old_id: &ItemId,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         let mut restore_repository = Repository::open(repository_path)?;
         let old_item = restore_repository.item_by_id(&old_id)?;
-        let restore_target = random_in_memory_path("target")?;
-        let restore_engine = restore::Engine::new(&mut restore_repository, &restore_target)?;
+        let restore_target = tempdir()?;
+        let restore_engine = restore::Engine::new(&mut restore_repository, &restore_target.path())?;
         restore_engine.restore(&old_item.unwrap())?;
-        let source_file_relative_path = Path::new(source_file_full_path.as_str()).strip_prefix("/")?;
-        let restored_file_path = restore_target.join(&source_file_relative_path.to_string_lossy())?;
+        let source_file_relative_path = Path::new(source_file_full_path).strip_prefix("/")?;
+        let restored_file_path = restore_target.path().join(&source_file_relative_path);
         assert_target_file_contents(&restored_file_path, old_contents)
     }
 
-    pub fn newest_item(repository_path: &VfsPath, source_file_full_path: &VfsPath) -> Result<RepositoryItem> {
+    pub fn newest_item(repository_path: &Path, source_file_full_path: &Path) -> Result<RepositoryItem> {
         let item = {
             let reading_repository = Repository::open(repository_path)?;
             let item = reading_repository.newest_item_by_source_path(&source_file_full_path)?;
@@ -84,7 +75,7 @@ pub mod in_memory {
         Ok(item)
     }
 
-    pub fn restore_all_from_reloaded_repository(repository_path: &VfsPath, restore_target: &VfsPath) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn restore_all_from_reloaded_repository(repository_path: &Path, restore_target: &Path) -> Result<()> {
         {
             let mut restore_repository = Repository::open(repository_path)?;
             let mut restore_engine = restore::Engine::new(&mut restore_repository, &restore_target)?;
@@ -95,7 +86,7 @@ pub mod in_memory {
 
     pub fn backup_file_with_text_contents(
         source: &TestSource,
-        repository_path: &VfsPath,
+        repository_path: &Path,
         source_file_relative_path: &str,
         contents: &str,
     ) -> Result<()> {
@@ -106,7 +97,7 @@ pub mod in_memory {
 
     pub fn backup_file_with_byte_contents(
         source: &TestSource,
-        repository_path: &VfsPath,
+        repository_path: &Path,
         source_file_relative_path: &str,
         contents: &[u8],
     ) -> Result<()> {
@@ -120,22 +111,22 @@ pub mod in_memory {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn data_weight(repository_path: &VfsPath) -> Result<u64> {
+    pub fn data_weight(repository_path: &Path) -> Result<u64> {
         {
             let repository = Repository::open(repository_path)?;
             Ok(repository.data_weight()?)
         }
     }
 
-    fn assert_directory_trees_have_same_contents(left: &VfsPath, right: &VfsPath) -> Result<()> {
+    fn assert_directory_trees_have_same_contents(left: &Path, right: &Path) -> Result<()> {
         let left_files = get_sorted_files_recursively(left)?;
         let right_files = get_sorted_files_recursively(right)?;
 
         let pairs = left_files.iter().zip(right_files);
         for (l, r) in pairs {
-            assert_eq!(l.filename(), r.filename());
-            let mut fl = l.open_file()?;
-            let mut fr = r.open_file()?;
+            assert_eq!(l.file_name(), r.file_name());
+            let mut fl = File::open(l)?;
+            let mut fr = File::open(r)?;
             let mut bl = vec![];
             let mut br = vec![];
             fl.read_to_end(&mut bl).unwrap();
@@ -145,35 +136,32 @@ pub mod in_memory {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub fn get_sorted_files_recursively(path: &VfsPath) -> Result<Vec<VfsPath>> {
+    pub fn get_sorted_files_recursively(path: &Path) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>> {
         assert!(
-            path.exists()?,
+            path.exists(),
             "[get_sorted_files_recursively] invoked on a path that does not exist: {:?}",
             path
         );
-        let walker = path.walk_dir()?;
-
-        let mut result = vec![];
-
-        for maybe_entry in walker {
-            let entry = &maybe_entry?;
-            if entry == path {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if entry.metadata()?.file_type == VfsFileType::File {
-                result.push(entry.clone());
-            }
-        }
-
-        result.sort_by_key(|a| a.filename());
-
+        let walker = WalkDir::new(path);
+        let result = walker
+            .sort_by_file_name()
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(|e| e.ok())
+            .filter(|e| e.metadata().map_or(false, |m| m.is_file()))
+            .map(|e| e.path().to_path_buf())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         Ok(result)
     }
 
-    fn assert_target_file_contents(restored_path: &VfsPath, expected_contents: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+    fn assert_target_file_contents(restored_path: &Path, expected_contents: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
         let mut actual_contents = vec![];
-        assert!(restored_path.exists()?, "expected '{}' to be there", restored_path.as_str());
-        restored_path.open_file()?.read_to_end(&mut actual_contents)?;
+        assert!(
+            restored_path.exists(),
+            "expected '{}' to be there",
+            restored_path.to_string_lossy()
+        );
+        let mut file = File::open(restored_path)?;
+        file.read_to_end(&mut actual_contents)?;
         assert_eq!(expected_contents, actual_contents);
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/src/test/source.rs b/src/test/source.rs
index ca1ff0f..b2d9155 100644
--- a/src/test/source.rs
+++ b/src/test/source.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,25 @@
-use std::io::Write;
+use std::{
+    fs::{self, File},
+    io::Write,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
 
 use anyhow::Result;
-use vfs::VfsPath;
-
-use super::assertions::in_memory::random_in_memory_path;
+use tempfile::{tempdir, TempDir};
 
 pub struct TestSource {
-    directory: VfsPath,
+    directory: TempDir,
 }
 
 impl TestSource {
     pub fn new() -> Result<Self> {
-        let path: VfsPath = random_in_memory_path("testsource")?;
-        path.create_dir_all()?;
-        Ok(Self { directory: path })
+        let dir = tempdir()?;
+        Ok(Self { directory: dir })
     }
 
     pub fn write_bytes_to_file(&self, filename: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
         let path = self.file_path(filename)?;
-        let mut file = path.create_file()?;
+        let mut file = File::create(path)?;
         file.write_all(bytes)?;
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -33,19 +34,19 @@ impl TestSource {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub fn path(&self) -> &VfsPath {
-        &self.directory
+    pub fn path(&self) -> &Path {
+        &self.directory.path()
     }
 
-    pub fn file_path(&self, filename: &str) -> Result<VfsPath> {
-        let file_path = self.directory.join(filename)?;
+    pub fn file_path(&self, filename: &str) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+        let file_path = self.directory.path().join(filename);
         Ok(file_path)
     }
 }
 
 impl Drop for TestSource {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
-        let _ = self.path().remove_dir_all();
+        let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(self.path());
     }
 }
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -59,10 +60,10 @@ mod must {
         {
             let source = TestSource::new()?;
             source.write_random_bytes_to_file("somefile", 1)?;
-            path = source.path().clone();
+            path = source.path().to_path_buf();
         }
 
-        assert!(!path.exists()?);
+        assert!(!path.exists());
         Ok(())
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/concurrency_tests.rs b/tests/concurrency_tests.rs
index b563d1f..23b7bbe 100644
--- a/tests/concurrency_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/concurrency_tests.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod must {
+    use std::{
+        fs,
+        path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    };
+
     use anyhow::Result;
     use bakare::test::source::TestSource;
     use bakare::{backup, restore};
@@ -9,15 +14,15 @@ mod must {
         sys::wait::{waitpid, WaitStatus},
         unistd::getpid,
     };
-    use vfs::{PhysicalFS, VfsPath};
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     #[test]
     fn handle_concurrent_backups() -> Result<()> {
         setup_logger();
 
-        let repository_directory = tempfile::tempdir()?.into_path();
-        let repository_path: VfsPath = PhysicalFS::new(repository_directory).into();
-        let repository_path = repository_path.join(&format!("repository-{}", getpid()))?;
+        let dir = tempdir()?;
+        let repository_path = dir.path();
+        let repository_path = repository_path.join(&format!("repository-{}", getpid()));
         Repository::init(&repository_path)?;
 
         let parallel_backups_number = 16;
@@ -28,8 +33,8 @@ mod must {
         assert_eq!(finished_backup_runs.len(), parallel_backups_number);
         assert!(data_weight(&repository_path)? > 0);
 
-        let target_path: VfsPath = random_in_memory_path("target")?;
-        let all_restored_files = restore_all(&repository_path, &target_path)?;
+        let target_path = tempdir()?;
+        let all_restored_files = restore_all(&repository_path, &target_path.path())?;
         assert_eq!(all_restored_files.len(), total_number_of_files);
 
         assert_all_files_in_place(parallel_backups_number, files_per_backup_number, &all_restored_files)?;
@@ -39,14 +44,16 @@ mod must {
     fn assert_all_files_in_place(
         parallel_backups_number: usize,
         files_per_backup_number: usize,
-        all_restored_files: &[VfsPath],
+        all_restored_files: &[PathBuf],
     ) -> Result<()> {
         for i in 0..parallel_backups_number {
             for j in 0..files_per_backup_number {
                 let id = file_id(i, j);
-                let file = all_restored_files.iter().find(|f| f.filename() == id);
-                assert!(file.unwrap().exists()?, "file {:?} does not exist", file);
-                let contents = file.unwrap().read_to_string()?;
+                let file = all_restored_files
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|f| f.file_name().unwrap().to_string_lossy() == id);
+                assert!(file.unwrap().exists(), "file {:?} does not exist", file);
+                let contents = fs::read_to_string(file.unwrap())?;
                 assert_eq!(id.to_string(), contents.to_owned());
             }
         }
@@ -54,7 +61,7 @@ mod must {
     }
 
     fn backup_in_parallel(
-        repository_path: &VfsPath,
+        repository_path: &Path,
         parallel_backups_number: usize,
         files_per_backup_number: usize,
     ) -> Result<Vec<usize>> {
@@ -86,7 +93,7 @@ mod must {
         Ok(task_numbers)
     }
 
-    fn backup_process(task_number: usize, repository_path: &VfsPath, files_per_backup_number: usize) -> Result<()> {
+    fn backup_process(task_number: usize, repository_path: &Path, files_per_backup_number: usize) -> Result<()> {
         let mut repository = Repository::open(repository_path)?;
         let source = TestSource::new().unwrap();
         let mut backup_engine = backup::Engine::new(source.path(), &mut repository)?;
@@ -98,7 +105,7 @@ mod must {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn restore_all(repository_path: &VfsPath, restore_target: &VfsPath) -> Result<Vec<VfsPath>> {
+    fn restore_all(repository_path: &Path, restore_target: &Path) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>> {
         let mut restore_repository = Repository::open(repository_path)?;
         let mut restore_engine = restore::Engine::new(&mut restore_repository, &restore_target)?;
         restore_engine.restore_all()?;
diff --git a/tests/deduplication_tests.rs b/tests/deduplication_tests.rs
index be75118..ca3aa23 100644
--- a/tests/deduplication_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/deduplication_tests.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,14 @@ mod must {
     use bakare::test::assertions::in_memory::*;
     use bakare::{repository::Repository, test::source::TestSource};
     use proptest::prelude::*;
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     proptest! {
         #[test]
         fn store_duplicated_files_just_once(contents in any::<[u8;3]>()) {
             let source = TestSource::new().unwrap();
-            let repository_path = random_in_memory_path("repository").unwrap();
+            let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+            let repository_path = dir.path();
             Repository::init(&repository_path).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(data_weight(&repository_path).unwrap(), 0);
 
diff --git a/tests/system_tests.rs b/tests/system_tests.rs
index fc1090b..09149b9 100644
--- a/tests/system_tests.rs
+++ b/tests/system_tests.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ mod must {
     use bakare::backup;
     use bakare::test::assertions::in_memory::*;
     use bakare::{repository::Repository, test::source::TestSource};
+    use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     #[test]
     fn restore_multiple_files() -> Result<()> {
@@ -19,8 +20,9 @@ mod must {
     #[test]
     fn restore_files_after_reopening_repository() -> Result<()> {
         let source = TestSource::new()?;
-        let repository_path = random_in_memory_path("repository")?;
-        let restore_target = random_in_memory_path("target")?;
+        let dir = tempdir()?;
+        let repository_path = dir.path();
+        let restore_target = tempdir()?;
 
         Repository::init(&repository_path)?;
 
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ mod must {
 
         backup_file_with_text_contents(&source, &repository_path, source_file_relative_path, original_contents)?;
 
-        restore_all_from_reloaded_repository(&repository_path, &restore_target)?;
+        restore_all_from_reloaded_repository(&repository_path, &restore_target.path())?;
 
         let source_file_full_path = &source.file_path(source_file_relative_path)?;
         assert_restored_file_contents(&repository_path, source_file_full_path, original_contents.as_bytes())
@@ -38,7 +40,8 @@ mod must {
     #[test]
     fn restore_older_version_of_file() -> Result<()> {
         let source = TestSource::new().unwrap();
-        let repository_path = random_in_memory_path("repository")?;
+        let dir = tempdir()?;
+        let repository_path = dir.path();
         Repository::init(&repository_path)?;
 
         let source_file_relative_path = "some path";
@@ -59,7 +62,8 @@ mod must {
     #[test]
     fn newer_version_should_be_greater_than_earlier_version() -> Result<()> {
         let source = TestSource::new().unwrap();
-        let repository_path = random_in_memory_path("repository")?;
+        let dir = tempdir()?;
+        let repository_path = dir.path();
         Repository::init(&repository_path)?;
 
         let source_file_relative_path = "some path";
@@ -83,7 +87,8 @@ mod must {
     #[test]
     fn restore_latest_version_by_default() -> Result<()> {
         let source = TestSource::new().unwrap();
-        let repository_path = random_in_memory_path("repository")?;
+        let dir = tempdir()?;
+        let repository_path = dir.path();
         Repository::init(&repository_path)?;
 
         let source_file_relative_path = "some path";
@@ -97,7 +102,8 @@ mod must {
 
     #[test]
     fn forbid_backup_of_paths_within_repository() -> Result<()> {
-        let repository_path = random_in_memory_path("repository")?;
+        let dir = tempdir()?;
+        let repository_path = dir.path();
         Repository::init(&repository_path)?;
         let mut repository = Repository::open(&repository_path)?;